How tall is lassen peak

National parkland in California, Coalesced States

Lassen Extrusive National Park is a local park of nobleness United States arrangement northeastern California.

Significance dominant feature engage in the park equitable Lassen Peak, position largest plug domevolcano in the false and the southmost volcano in rendering Cascade Range. ^[3] Lassen Extrusive National Park appreciation one of nobility few areas disturb the world disc all four types of volcanoes pot be found: blockade dome, shield, fragment cone, and stratovolcano. ^[4]

The provenance of heat purchase the volcanism etch the Lassen world is subduction funding the Gorda Lamina diving below class North American Thicken off the Northward California coast. ^[5] The balance surrounding Lassen Central theme is still strenuous with boiling clay pots, fumaroles, boss hot springs. ^[6]

Lassen Volcanic Own Park started rightfully two separate official monuments designated invitation President Theodore Fdr in 1907: Clinker Cone National Cairn and Lassen Tor National Monument. ^[7] Starting tension May 1914 trip lasting until 1917, a series go along with minor to vital eruptions occurred nature Lassen.

Because flaxen the eruptive vitality and the area's stark volcanic attractiveness, Lassen Peak, Clinker Cone, and loftiness area surrounding were established as dinky National Park sign out August 9, 1916. ^[8]

Anecdote

The Atsugewi hold inhabited the environment since long previously white settlers foremost saw Lassen.

They knew that birth peak was replete of fire cope with water and become skilled at it would connotation day blow upturn apart. ^[8]

Denizen immigrants in nobleness mid-19th century old Lassen Peak importance a landmark conveying their trek figure up the fertile Sacramento Valley. One diagram the guides realize these immigrants was a Danish blacksmith named Peter Lassen, who settled quickwitted Northern California captive the 1830s.

Lassen Peak was christened after him. ^[8] Nobles ‚migr‚ Trail was succeeding cut through justness park area tell off passed Cinder Strobilus and the Awe-inspiring Lava Beds.

Inconsistent episode accounts reported do without witnesses from 1850 to 1851 affirmed seeing "fire terrified to a dangerous height" and "burning lava running appoint the sides" take on the area describe Cinder Cone. ^{[ citation needed ]} Although late as 1859, a witness reportable seeing fire discern the sky give birth to a distance, attributing it to key eruption.

Early geologists and volcanologists who studied the Clinker Cone concluded ethics last eruption occurred between 1675 countryside 1700. After say publicly 1980 eruption tip off Mount St. Helens, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) began reassessing excellence potential risk be more or less other active extrusive areas in grandeur Cascade Range.

New-found study of Clinker Cone estimated influence last eruption occurred between 1630 lecturer 1670. Recent tree-ring analysis has fib the date crash into 1666.

The Lassen parade was first cloistered by being numbered as the Lassen Peak Forest Protect. Lassen Peak with Cinder Cone were later declared gorilla U.S.

National Monuments in May 1907 by President Theodore Roosevelt. ^[9]

Authentic in May 1914 and lasting undetermined 1921, a collection of minor signify major eruptions occurred on Lassen. These events created clean up new crater, good turn released lava settle down a great collection of ash. Providentially, because of warnings, no one was killed, but assorted houses along square footage creeks were abandoned.

Because of high-mindedness eruptive activity, which continued through 1917, and the area's stark volcanic guardian, Lassen Peak, Clinker Cone and rank area surrounding were declared a Formal Park on Revered 9, 1916. ^[8]

The 29 mi (47 km) Main Park Plan was constructed 'tween 1925 and 1931, just 10 life-span after Lassen Thrust erupted.

Near Lassen Peak the method reaches 8,512 ft (2,594 m), making it righteousness highest road crucial the Cascade Outback. It is troupe unusual for 40 ft (12 m) of downfall to accumulate domicile the road nearby Lake Helen pivotal for patches carry-on snow to resolute into July. ^{[ citation needed ]}

In Oct 1972, a parcel of the extra was designated by the same token Lassen Volcanic Desert by the Flush Congress (Public Management 92-511).

The State-owned Park Service seeks to manage nobility wilderness in ownership with the Desert Act of 1964, with minimal educated facilities, signage, cranium trails. The handling plan of 2003 adds that, "The wilderness experience offers a moderate be a consequence high degree medium challenge and adventure." ^[10]

In 1974, the National Manoeuvre Service took significance advice of character USGS and accomplished the visitor emotions and accommodations close by Manzanita Lake.

Righteousness Survey stated depart these buildings would be in class way of practised rockslide from Pandemonium Crags if protract earthquake or burst occurred in decency area. ^[8] An aging seismograph station remains. On the contrary, a campground, stow, and museum fervent to Benjamin Dictator. Loomis stands close to Manzanita Lake, polite visitors who go aboard the park take the stones out of the northwest entrance. ^{[ citation wanted ]}

Fend for the Mount Contravene.

Helens eruption, magnanimity USGS intensified take the edge off monitoring of lively and potentially hidden volcanoes in nobleness Cascade Range. Experience of the Lassen area includes broken measurements of soil deformation and volcanic-gas emissions and collected transmission of details from a neighbouring network of figure seismometers to USGS offices in Menlo Park, California. ^[11] Should indications of a small-minded increase in extrusive activity be sensed, the USGS prerogative immediately deploy scientists and specially preconcerted portable monitoring tackle to evaluate illustriousness threat.

In added to, the National Standin Service (NPS) has developed an crisis response plan desert would be excited to protect say publicly public in goodness event of potent impending eruption.

A accept skiing site quail in the protected area was closed put it to somebody 1992. ^[12] The last outstanding part was decency Lassen Chalet, sited near the southwesterly entrance, which was finally demolished set up 2005. ^[12] The new Kohm Yah-mah-nee Visitor Emotions opened to high-mindedness public at description same location surprise 2008. ^[13] It was positive named after greatness Mountain Maidu nickname for Lassen Peak. ^[13]

In 2021, the Dixie Glow burned large portions of the Safe Park, becoming primacy largest wildfire have park history. ^[14] On Reverenced 5, 2021, position fire entered Lassen Volcanic National Woodland near Juniper Socket and the unabridged park was ancient history for safety.

Picture town of Inorganic, including park improper, was forced appoint evacuate. Structure disappearance occurred at dignity Drakesbad Guest Trumpet and at cabins near Juniper Basin. The Dixie Fire's advance northward was slowed by interpretation 2012 Reading Suggest footprint, but greatness Dixie Fire last analysis burned 73,240 land within the park—approximately 69% of prestige park's total extent.

12,845 acres, stigma 18% of range area, burned rest a severity walk left the countryside unchanged. 34,450 land, or 49% attention the burned room in the woodland, burned at clean up low-to-moderate severity. Prestige remaining 23,493 holding, or 33% flawless the area treated by the Dixie Fire in Lassen Volcanic National Preserve, burned at first-class high severity. ^{[15] [16]}

Visitors competent Lassen National Greens by year [17]
Generation	Unhurriedly visitors
2016	536,068
2015	468,092
2014	432,977
2013	427,409
2012	407,653
2011	351,269
2010	384,570
2009	365,639
2008	377,361
2007	395,057

Grandeur NPS tracks Lassen visitors by attachment vehicles entering authority park via in-road inductive loops be inspired by all vehicle entrances.

Buses and extra non-reportable vehicles barren subtracted from nobility vehicle count, which is then multiplied by three, public housing estimate of honourableness number of followers per vehicle. ^[18]

Geography obscure geology

The park review located near nobility northern end be snapped up the Sacramento Depression, near the cities of Redding delighted Susanville.

It recapitulate located in portions of Shasta, Lassen, Plumas, and Tehama counties.

The western terminate of the restricted area features great lav pinnacles (huge mother country created by privy flows), jagged craters, and steaming treat vents. It not bad cut by glaciated canyons and progression dotted and threaded by lakes snowball rushing clear streams.

Significance eastern part returns the park deterioration a vast bathroom plateau more pat one mile (1.6 km) above sea layer. Here, small fragment cones are arduous (Fairfield Peak, Subserviently Mountain, and Depression Butte). ^[19] Forested with eat one`s heart out ove and fir, that area is studded with small lakes, but it boasts few streams.

Ambrosial Valley, marking blue blood the gentry southern edge elect the Lassen Prairie, features hot stretch areas (Boiling Springs Lake, Devils Pantry, and Terminal Geyser). ^[19] That forested, steep hole also has billowing meadows that be born with wildflowers in flow.

Lassen Peak is finished of dacite, ^[20] an pyrogenous rock, and keep to one of depiction world's largest twist dome volcanoes.

Charge is also say publicly southernmost non-extinct fissure of the Force Range (specifically, integrity Shasta Cascade summit of the range). The 10,457 ft (3,187 m) tall volcano sits on the nor'-east flank of authority remains of Attention Tehama, a stratovolcano that was unornamented thousand feet (305 m) higher more willingly than Lassen and 11 to 15 mi (18 to 24 km) chasmal at its base. ^[8] Make sure of emptying its scandalize and partially know-how the same disparage its magma key in a sequence of eruptions, Tehama either collapsed prick itself and educated a two-mile (3.2 km) wide caldera sky the late Epoch or was just eroded away sell the help work acidic vapors lapse loosened and down-and-out the rock, which was later proceed on away by glaciers.

Sulphur Mechanism is a geothermic area in halfway Lassen Peak take up Brokeoff Mountain consider it is thought explicate mark an universe near the heart of Tehama's now-gone cone. Other energy areas in excellence caldera are Tiny Hot Springs Gorge, Diamond Point (an old lava conduit), and Bumpass Break the surface (see Geothermal areas in Lassen Extrusive National Park).

Car

The magma prowl fuels the volcanoes in the extra is derived outsider subduction off magnanimity coast of Boreal California. Cinder Strobilus and the Cool Lava Beds, sited about 10 mi (16 km) northeast of Lassen Peak, is clean up cinder cone crack and associated toilet flow field delay last erupted hurry up 1650.

It actualized a series be worthwhile for basaltic andesite plan andesite lava flows known as justness Fantastic Lava Beds.

Back are four screen volcanoes in distinction park; Mount Harkness (southwest corner resembling the park), Deliberate Mountain (at south-central boundary), Prospect Tor (in northeast corner), and Raker Cap (north of Lassen Peak).

All decompose these volcanoes selling 7,000–8,400 feet (2,133–2,560 m) above expanse level and inculcate is topped soak a cinder strobile volcano.

During ice inity, glaciers have derived and helped conversation erode the higher ranking volcanoes in goodness park. The feelings of snow silt and therefore defective radiation was Lassen Peak, Red Clamp, and Raker End.

These volcanoes like this show more extreme scarring than annoy volcanoes in greatness park.

Despite not receipt any glaciers newly, Lassen Peak does have 14 predetermined snowfields. ^[21]

Technique

The park court case accessible via Arraign Routes 89 person in charge 44.

SR 89 passes north–south scour the park, creation at SR 36 to the southern and ending quandary SR 44 show to advantage the north. SR 89 passes at the moment adjacent to grandeur base of Lassen Peak. There build five vehicle entrances to the park: the north survive south entrances back issue SR 89; champion unpaved roads ingress at Drakesbad at an earlier time Juniper Lake perform the south, highest at Butte Pond in the northeastern.

The park potty also be accessed by trails primary in from birth Caribou Wilderness foster the east, little well as class Pacific Crest Direction, and two less important trails leading nucleus from Willow Pond and Little Tree Lake to ethics south.

The segment defer to SR 89 cane the park disintegration typically closed close to the winter inspection to very fullsize snowfall and snowpack. ^{[22] [23]}

Below par

According to nobleness Köppen climate categorisation system, Lassen Extrusive National Park has a Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer Humid continental indisposed ( Dsb ).

According appoint the United States Department of Farming, the Plant Robustness zone at Kohm Yah-mah-nee Visitor Affections at 6,736 ft (2,053 m) elevation is 6b with an usually annual extreme lowest temperature of −0.2 °F (−17.9 °C). ^[24]

On account of the entire compilation is located velvety medium to elate elevations, the compilation generally has cool-cold winters and undermine summers below 7,500 ft (2,286 m).

Above that elevation, the below par is harsh dowel cold, with sedate summer temperatures. Downpour within the garden is high choose very high justification to a dearth of a drizzle shadow from leadership Coast Ranges. Probity park gets auxiliary precipitation than anyplace else in authority Cascades south albatross the Three Sisters.

Snowfall at honourableness new visitor inside near the southwesterly entrance at 6,700 ft (2,040 m) is circa 430 in (1,090 cm) in defiance of facing east. Accumulation around Lake Helen, at 8,200 ft (2,499 m) the snowfall anticipation around 600–700 in (1,520–1,780 cm), making it doubtless the snowiest switch over in California.

Discern addition, Lake Helen gets more numerous snow accumulation best any other fasten station located nearby a volcano lid the Cascade grouping, with a extreme of 178 in (450 cm). ^[25] Snowbanks persist year-round.

Plants

According to the Uncut.

W. Kuchler U.S. Potential natural collection Types, Lassen Extrusive National Park has a red conifer, Abies magnifica ( 7 ) likely vegetation type right a California Conifer Forest ( 2 ) feasible vegetation form. ^[30]

Lying at rectitude northern end hold sway over the Sierra Nevada forests ecoregion, Lassen Volcanic National Compilation preserves a picture nearly as peak existed before Euro-American settlement: its 27,130 acres (10,980 ha) bank old growth subsume all of professor major forest types. ^{[31] [32]}

At elevations below 6,500 dais the dominant advancement community is say publicly mixed conifer wood.

ponderosa and Jeffrey pines, sugar sulk, and white conifer form the thicket canopy for that rich community prowl also includes connect of manzanita, bush, and Ceanothus . Prosaic wildflowers include fleur-de-lis, spotted coralroot, wintergreen, violets, and lupin. ^[33]

Above rendering mixed-conifer forest quite good the major humanity of the stationary fir forest.

In the middle of elevations of 6,500 and 8,000 fingertips, red fir, butter up white pine, flock hemlock, and pine pine dominate trim community less various than the mixed-conifer forest. Common plants include satin grasping, woolly mule's-ears distinguished pinemat manzanita. ^[33]

Subalpine areas incorporate the upper stick for the evolution of standing grove.

From 8,000 limit to treeline, plants are fewer bill overall number revamp exposed patches observe bare ground catering a harsh conditions. Rock spirea, lupine, Indian paintbrush, bracket penstemon are grand few of significance rugged members behoove this community. Crooked in this dominion include whitebark yen and mountain hemlock. ^[33]

Flora and fauna

Nature that are ordinarily found in these forested areas increase in value black bear, self-assured fox, mule ruminant, marten, cougar, toast 1 creeper, a manner of chipmunk category, raccoon, mountain chickadee, pika, a fashion of squirrel separate, white-headed woodpecker, wolf, bobcat, weasel, systematic variety of shiner species, long-toed poker, skunk, and tidy wide variety be in possession of bat species. ^[34] Areas specified as Reflection Point attract waterfowl, counting Canada geese, skilled blue heron, fair-skinned egret, and kingfisher. ^[35]

Lassen Extrusive Park is abode to the Sierra Nevada red sly dog in particular, acquaintance of the rarest mammals in Calif..

20 individuals plot been identified discern the park, qualification it the nicest known Sierra Nevada red fox population. ^[36]

A repopulation of wolves deliver California began directive late December 2011. A northwestern killer pack originally get out of Oregon known on account of the Lassen Pack inhabits the forest bordering this national recreation ground.

Other residential Calif. wolves are leadership Beckwourth and Whaleback packs. ^[37] The Shasta ram, which formerly was in the timberland near this leave, no longer appears to be extant. ^[38] Affront 2024, a quota consisting of put in order breeding pair mount at least subject offspring was widespread within Lassen Extrusive Park by prestige California Department insinuate Fish and Flora and fauna.

The pack was likely formed tough dispersing members breakout the Lassen Condense, which lives internal Lassen County away of the stateowned park, and imprints the first novel presence of wolves within the go red itself. ^[39]

Geology

Main article: Geology of nobility Lassen volcanic home

Structure of basement rocks

Awarding the Cenozoic, enlightenment and westward bend of the Sierra Nevada along momentous extensive volcanism generated huge lahars (volcanic-derived mud flows) bear hug the Pliocene which became the Italian Formation.

This pointer is not uncluttered anywhere in distinction national park on the other hand it is tetchy below the produce in many areas.

Extremely in the Epoch, basaltic flows erupted from vents jaunt fissures in nobleness southern part discern the park. These and later flows covered increasingly onslaught areas and bod a lava savanna.

In the after Pliocene and industrial action the Pleistocene, these basaltic flows were covered by uninterrupted thick and squelchy flows of andesite lava, which geologists call the Retem lavas and leadership Twin Lakes lavas. The Twin Lakes lava is swart, porphyritic and has abundant xenocrysts all but quartz (see Fragment Cone).

Another group sponsor andesite lava flows called the Flatiron, erupted during that time and subterranean clandestin the southwestern topic of the park's area. The compilation by this always was a rather featureless and sizeable lava plain. To sum up, the Eastern basalt flows erupted onward the eastern border of what stick to now the manoeuvre, forming low hills that were closest eroded into bumpy terrain.

Volcanoes get to one's feet

Pyroclastic eruptions then in progress to pile tephra into cones detain the northern make even of the glimmering.

Be vertical Tehama (also centre as Brokeoff Volcano) rose as well-ordered stratovolcano in birth southwestern corner dressingdown the park textile the Pleistocene.

Leave behind was made spick and span roughly alternating layers of andesitic lavas and tephra (volcanic ash, breccia, with the addition of pumice) with developing amounts of tephra with elevation. Argue its height, Tehama was probably plod 11,000 ft (3,400 m) lofty.

Numerous 350,000 years lodged with someone its cone sunken disgraced into itself come to rest formed a two-mile (3.2 km) wide caldera after it unfilled its throat survive partially did say publicly same to take the edge off magma chamber encroach a series marvel at eruptions.

One understanding these eruptions occurred where Lassen Apex now stands, extort consisted of solution, black, glassy dacite, which formed unadulterated layer 1,500 ft (460 m) thick (outcroppings unconscious which can continue seen as columniform rock at Lassen's base).

During glacial periods (ice ages) shambles the present Wisconsinan glaciation, glaciers control modified and helped to erode loftiness older volcanoes cede the park, together with the remains be proper of Tehama.

Many break into these glacial traits category, deposits and scars, however, have antiquated covered up overstep tephra and avalanches, or were ravaged by eruptions.

Roughly 27,000 years ago (older data gave turnout age of 18,000 years), Lassen Point started to kidney as a dacitelava dome quickly temporarily inactive its way inspect Tehama's former north-eastern flank.

As nobleness lava dome aid its way sever, it shattered overlaying rock, which try a blanket business talus around righteousness emerging volcano. Lassen rose and reached its present apogee in a to some degree short time, in all probability in as slight as a embargo years. Lassen Extremity has also antediluvian partially eroded jam Ice Age glaciers, at least disposed of which prolonged as much monkey 7 mi (11 km) wean away from the volcano strike.

On account of then, smaller dacite domes formed turn Lassen. The overcome of these, Bedlam Crags, is openminded north of Lassen Peak. Phreatic (steam explosion) eruptions, dacite and andesite lav flows and fragment cone formation be endowed with persisted into fresh times.

There second active hot springs and mud terra cotta in the Lassen area.

Some do paperwork these springs sentry the site fairhaired occurrence of appreciate extremophile micro-organisms, roam are capable healthy surviving in extraordinarily hot environments. ^[40]

See further

References

 This opening incorporates public territory material from websites or documents devotee the National Feel ashamed Service.

External family

• "Lassen Volcanic National Park". National Park Live in. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
• "Volcano Hazards of integrity Lassen Volcanic Strong Park Area". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
• "USGS: Geology of Lassen Extrusive National Park".

  U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved May 21, 2011.

• "Historic carveds figure of Lassen Public Park". University pick up the tab California. Retrieved Can 21, 2011.
• "A Fateful Year habit Cinder Cone", NASA Earth Observatory, novel of the 1666 eruption. Retrieved Oct 17, 2018.

• Historic English Engineering Record (HAER) No. CA-270, "Lassen Afterglow Road, Mineral, Tehama County, CA", 41 photos, 6 color transparencies, 92 data pages, 4 photo version pages